Rise of Buddhism: The originator of Buddhism was Siddhartha Gautama. He started out as a prince of the Sakya Republic in the Himalayan foothills. At age 29 he left his life of privileged and began to learn under different paths of Vedic schools. In his journey he experienced a great deal of human suffering and he began to teach Buddhism. Buddhism had a great influence on the inhabitants of India during 260 BCE, when Ashoka converted to Buddhism. The end goal was for the top of the caste system, the Brahmans, to be removed from power. Geoglyphs: The Nazca were a large chiefdom that was a successor to the Chavin e Huantar chiefdom.
They were famous for their creation of the Nazca geoglyphs around 600 CE. The villagers of the chiefdom would create large geometric and animal figures in the dry highlands. The shamans of the age would use the geoglyphs in specific rituals. What makes the geoglyphs so significant is that they are unique to the Andes and they had no parallel until the Incas arranged sacred objects nearly a millennium later. The Nazca lines were a great accomplishment. Body Modification (Tattoos etc. ): The easiest form of body modification came from the Polynesians.
The tools for tattooing existed around 50,000 years ago, but tattooing seems to be older as human remains from an even earlier time period show evidence of tattooing. The importance of tattooing increased as it’s symbolism became intertwined with identity, often giving information such as rank, position in life, marriage, and profession. Oracle Bones: The significance of oracle bones lies in the fact that they were inscribed with Shang characters, which were examples of China’s earliest known writing. The standard forms of the symbols were made after the Qin era (221-201 BCE) in China.
The bones were used by diviners to communicate with the spirit world and get answers to specific questions. Maize Domestication: The domestication of maize is important because it was what helped people go from foraging to agrarian-based urban civilization. The cultivation of this plant started about 6,000-7,000 in now southern Mexico. The ancestry of maize has been often debated. In her experiments, geneticist Mary Eubanks showed that teosinte and gamagrass were the main ancestors for modern day corn. The reason corn is so useful is that it can thrive in either dry, moist, cool, or hot climates.
Foot Binding: Foot binding was the act of binding the feet to make them appear smaller. Foot Binding originated during the Song period and gained popularity during the the Ming period. It was originally meant for upper-class women. Mothers would bind the feet of their daughters so that they would have smaller feet. Eventually, it was used by the lower classes as a way to get out of hard labor. Foot binding is a significant practice in history peace it illustrates the long history of female mistreatment and their devaluation in societies. Crusades: The first crusade was called by Pope Urban II on
November 27, 1095. The goal of the Crusades was to reconquest formerly Christian lands that were under Muslim control. In this instance, Jerusalem was the land that the Christians wanted to take back. The crusade started during the summer of the following year with 7,000 mounted knights making up the main force. There were also 35,000 infantry. The main objective had been fulfilled in 1099 when Jerusalem was freed from Islamic control. One of the reasons the Crusades were so significant is that they helped establish western Christian dominance.
The Black Death: The Black Death started in 1346 and was the econd plague to devastate the world. The origins of the plague have been traced to the Mongol invasion of Vietnam. the main way of transmission was from rodent fleas to humans and spread through the Silk Road. The Black Death affected the world so much that it took several hundred years for populations to reach their pre-plague numbers. The Gold Road: The Gold Road was the western end of trade routes. The items that were traded on the Gold Road included ivory and salt. The major export of the Gold road was gold. Horses were often used in trading agreements.
The Gold Road existed around 425-1498. Three Kingdoms: The Three Kingdoms of Korea were called Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla. Koguryo existed from 37BC-668CE. Paekche existed from 18BCE-660CE. Silla existed form 57BCE-935CE. They were rival kingdoms in Korea that fought many years. Their goal was to dominate in the power vacuum that was left over when the Chinese were pushed out of the peninsula. Koguryo was the largest of the states and existed in the North. The other tow states were relatively smaller. Section 2 Short Answers (30%): Choose and answer any 3 (THREE) of the following short answers.
Each answer should be a long aragraph and should specifically answer the question(s) using relevant historic data from the textbook and classroom lectures for support. For each answer cite any sources utilized including the textbook and author. Please rewrite the question in brief form with your answer. Based on the Body Modification presentation how did the Maya modify their bodies to establish social status? What other rituals did they engage in for bloodletting? Why could commoners not be involved? In Mesoamerican cultures, status could not be based on number of large domesticates because there weren’t any.
The Maya elite did many things to differentiate themselves from he common classes. According to the Body modification powerpoint, the most common modifications were head modifications, perforations of the body, and dental modification. Head modification involved putting the head of an infant in contraptions or wrapping the head to force a specific shape. Penile perforation was very common in blood letting rituals. It was believed that the soul of the elite was directly tied to their blood. In these rituals a male elite would offer up the blood from their perforated penis as an offering o the gods.
The use of jade in teeth was also used to set the elite apart from the commoners. The main reason commoners could not participate in these rituals was because it was only the elites that were special. The Maya believed that these kinds of rituals helped them connect with their gods and it was only the elites who could have this kind of connection as a way to maintain power. Based on our stone tool and fossil activity compare Neanderthals, Australopithecines, and Homo genus in terms of population size, global territory settled, and historic timeframe of existence.
Based on those three variables which would you rate as the most successful? According to the stone tools activity, the Homo genus was built to be taller and lighter. Neanderthals were all around thicker and a little shorter than the Homo genus. Australopithecines were the shortest of the groups. In terms of Historical time frame, The Australopithecines dated to 3. 9-3. 0 million years ago according to the Patterns of World History text book. They also had the lowest global territory settled as their bodies could not handle too much migration.
This group had a very short walking ange and thus, never really migrated far beyond Africa. Since their territory was very small when compared to the other groups, it can be concluded that they had a smaller population. Accurately raking neanderthals and Homo genus is much more difficult due to the fact that their existence overlapped significantly. According to the Patterns of World History text book, Neanderthals had already settled in Europe when H. sapiens had just entered it around 35,000 ya. The populations of the neanderthals and Homo genus were probably similar around that time frame.
The fossil range of the neanderthals falls from 230,000-24,000 ya. Taking into account all of the Variables. it is very clear that the homo genus is the most successful out of all the groups. Although neanderthals had a head start out of Africa, it would ultimately be the Homo genus that would have the largest global territory. According to the Patterns of World History text book, the Homo genus was so successful that they interbreed with the Neanderthals and absorbed a large amount of their DNA. As the Neanderthals went extinct, the Homo genus went further, grew larger in opulation, and managed to survive to this day.
Columbian Exchange and Seafaring. Based on the presentation of ships and seafaring during the Columbian Exchange era (1500-1800 CE), what two regions had the dominant maritime technology and skilled seafarers? How did one region end up dominating the largest market (Indian Ocean) while the other lost its advantage? Include the names of ships as needed. During the Colombian exchange era, China and Portugal had the dominant maritime technology and skilled seafarers. According to the Patterns of World History text book A ship that ame from china were called star rafts.
The Chinese had many technologies that they included on their different ships. Key stress paints were often sewed with silk. Bamboo blinds were also incorporated into the designs. The Portuguese had ships called caravels and galleons. One of the technologies that both groups had were magnetic compasses. Over time, the Chinese shifted focus from the high risk shipbuilding and trade to the rebuilding of the Great wall of China. The reason was because they were having problems with northern invaders. This lead to the Portuguese dominating the Indian Ocean.
